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当前，国际社会已就对人工智能进行监管的必要性达成共识，然而，在人工智能监管的国际框架和标准规范尚未形成的情况下，人工智能监管领域正逐渐成为各个国家和地区竞争的新高地。欧盟、美国和中国都在努力推进具有广泛共识的人工智能监管框架和标准规范，三者的监管方案在监管理念、顶层制度和重点领域三方面均存在差异。具体而言，欧盟遵循人权高于一切，监管程度高，实行共同监管，保障个人隐私；美国主张产业发展主导，监管程度低，鼓励行业自律，鼓励数据流动；中国确保国家安全，监管程度较高，强调规范行业监管，维护公共安全。三种方案都在一定程度上得到了其他国家和地区的效仿，成为人工智能监管领域的风向标。综合比较，中国的人工智能监管方案更具灵活性和发展空间。
Abstract：(1)Jing Cheng,“Contextualizing China's AI Governance”,https://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/blog/01/06/2023/contextualizing-chinas-ai-governance.
(2)European Parliament,“European Parliament Resolution of 16 February 2017 with Recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics(2015/2103(INL))”,https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2017-0051_EN.html.
(3)Irina A.Filipova,Akmal R.Akhatov and Zokir O.Kuvandikov,“Artificial Intelligence Regulation:Experience of the European Union”,in Scientific Journal of Samarkand State University,No.4,2022,pp.169-175.
(4)Irina A.Filipova,Akmal R.Akhatov and Zokir O.Kuvandikov,“Artificial Intelligence Regulation:Experience of the European Union”,in Scientific Journal of Samarkand State University,No.4,2022,pp.169-175;European Parliament,“European Parliament Resolution of 20 October 2020 with Recommendations to the Commission on a Civil Liability Regime for Artificial Intelligence (2020/2014(INL))”,https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020IP0276.
(5)European Parliament,“European Parliament Resolution of 20 October 2020 with Recommendations to the Commission on a Framework of Ethical Aspects of Artificial Intelligence,Robotics and Related Technologies (2020/2012(INL))”,https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2020-0275_EN.html.
(6)“The AI Act Explorer”,https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/ai-act-explorer/.
(7)Irina A.Filipova,Akmal R.Akhatov and Zokir O.Kuvandikov,“Artificial Intelligence Regulation:Experience of the European Union”,in Scientific Journal of Samarkand State University,No.4,2022,pp.169-175.
(8)The White House,“Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence”,https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/whitehouse_files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/preparing_for_the_future_of_ai.pdf.
(9)The White House,“Artificial Intelligence for the American People”,https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/ai/executive-order-ai/.
(10)参见《美国〈人工智能权利法案蓝图〉评析》,参见清华大学战略与安全研究中心网站https://ciss.tsinghua.edu.cn/upload_files/atta/1669597763341_27.pdf。
(11)The White House,“National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan 2023 Update”,https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/National-Artificial-Intelligence-Research-and-Development-Strategic-Plan-2023-Update.pdf.
(12)The White House,“Executive Order on the Safe,Secure,and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence”,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2023/10/30/executive-order-on-the-safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence/.
(13)Senate Democrats,“Majority Leader Schumer Delivers Remarks to Launch SAFE Innovation Framework For Artificial Intelligence at CSIS”,https://www.democrats.senate.gov/news/press-releases/majority-leader-schumer-delivers-remarks-to-launch-safe-innovation-framework-for-artificial-intelligence-at-csis.
(14)习近平《加强领导做好规划明确任务夯实基础推动我国新一代人工智能健康发展》,载于2018年11月1日《人民日报》。
(15)赵竹青《AI观察:政府工作报告首提“人工智能+”有何深意?》,参见人民网http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2024/0309/c1004-40192366.html。
(16)European Commission,“Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence 2021 Review”,https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/coordinated-plan-artificial-intelligence-2021-review.
(17)“The AI Act Explorer”,https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/ai-act-explorer/.
(18)“The AI Act Explorer”,https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/ai-act-explorer/.
(19)U.S.Congress,“H.R.5515-An Act to Authorize Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2019 for Military Activities of the Department of Defense,for Military Construction,and for Defense Activities of the Department of Energy,to Prescribe Military Personnel Strengths for Such Fiscal Year,and for Other Purposes”,https://www.congress.gov/115/bills/hr5515/BILLS-115hr5515enr.pdf.
(20)Müge Fazlioglu,“US Federal AI Governance:Laws,Policies and Strategies”,https://iapp.org/resources/article/us-federal-ai-governance/.
(21)U.S.Congress,“H.Res.66-Expressing Support for Congress to Focus on Artificial Intelligence”,https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/66/text.
(22)Scott Wong,“‘A Moment of Revolution’:Schumer Unveils Strategy to Regulate AI amid Dire Warnings”,https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/schumer-call-hands-deck-approach-regulating-ai-rcna90193.
(23)The White House,“Executive Order on the Safe,Secure,and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence”,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2023/10/30/executive-order-on-the-safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence/.
(24)The White House,“Executive Order 13859:Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence”,https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-13859-maintaining-american-leadership-artificial-intelligence.
(25)Stanford HAI Research,“Implementation Challenges to Three Pillars of America's AI Strategy”,https://hai.stanford.edu/white-paper-implementation-challenges-three-pillars-americas-ai-strategy.
(26)The White House,“Guidance for Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Applications”,https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/M-21-06.pdf.
(27)《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》人民出版社2024年版第34、41页。
(28)参见人民智库、旷视AI治理研究院《人工智能治理迈向新阶段新格局——2021年度全球十大人工智能治理事件评析》,载于《国家治理》2022年第1期。
(29)Mark MacCarthy,“The US and Its Allies Should Engage with China on AI Law and Policy”,https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-us-and-its-allies-should-engage-with-china-on-ai-law-and-policy/.
(30)《国家人工智能产业综合标准化体系建设指南(2024版)》,参见中国政府网https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202407/content_6960720.htm。
(31)“Regulation(EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of such Data,and Repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (Text with EEA Relevance)”,https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.2016.119.01.0001.01.ENG& amp%3Btoc=OJ%3AL%3A2016%3A119%3ATOC.
(32)Ben Wolford,“Does the GDPR Apply to Companies Outside of the EU?”,https://gdpr.eu/companies-outside-of-europe/.
(33)Ben Wolford,“What Are the GDPR Fines?”,https://gdpr.eu/fines/.
(34)European Parliament,“Personal Data Protection”,https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/157/personal-data-protection.
(35)Bureau Brandeis,“The EU-US Data Privacy Framework Has Been Adopted,What Now?”,https://bureaubrandeis.com/the-eu-us-data-privacy-framework-has-been-adopted-what-now/?lang=en.
(36)Fredric D.Bellamy,“U.S.Data Privacy Laws to Enter New Era in 2023”,https://www.reuters.com/legal/legalindustry/us-data-privacy-laws-enter-new-era-2023-2023-01-12/.
(37)Bloomberg Law,“Which States Have Consumer Data Privacy Laws?”,https://pro.bloomberglaw.com/insights/privacy/state-privacy-legislation-tracker/.
(38)State of California Department of Justice,“CCPA Regulations”,https://www.oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa/regs.
(39)State of California Department of Justice,“Attorney General Bonta Announces Settlement with Sephora as Part of Ongoing Enforcement of California Consumer Privacy Act”,https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-bonta-announces-settlement-sephora-part-ongoing-enforcement.
(40)James R.Carroll et al.,“Privacy & Cybersecurity Update”,https://www.skadden.com/insights/publications/2023/06/privacy-cybersecurity-update#connecticut.
(41)Future of Privacy Forum,“Five Big Questions (and Zero Predictions) for the U.S.State Privacy Landscape in 2024”,https://fpf.org/blog/five-big-questions-and-zero-predictions-for-the-u-s-state-privacy-landscape-in-2024/.
(42)《“十四五”规划〈纲要〉解读文章之37:全面提高公共安全保障能力》,参见中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fggz/fzzlgh/gjfzgh/202112/t202112 25_1309725.html。
(43)《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》人民出版社2024年版第5、12页。
(44)《中华人民共和国网络安全法》中国民主法制出版社2016年版第12页。
(45)《加快构建中国特色数据基础制度体系促进全体人民共享数字经济发展红利》,参见中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会网站https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fzggw/wld/hlf/lddt/202301/t20230101_1345222.html?code=&state=123。
(46)《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》人民出版社2024年版第12页。
(47)《中华人民共和国数据安全法》中国民主法制出版社2021年版第17页。
基本信息:
DOI：10.16502/j.cnki.11-3404/d.2024.05.011
中图分类号:F49;TP18
引用信息:
[1]李益斌,李浩洋.欧美中人工智能监管规范比较研究[J].当代世界与社会主义,2024,No.171(05):161-169.DOI:10.16502/j.cnki.11-3404/d.2024.05.011.
基金信息:
2022年度国家社会科学基金青年项目“基于大数据驱动的未来十年中国周边恐怖主义风险及应对研究”（项目编号：22CGJ001）; 2024年度兰州大学“中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金”科研能力提升项目（青稞计划）—优秀研究生创新项目“中美在人工智能监管领域的竞争问题研究”（项目编号：2024lzujbkyxs029）的阶段性成果
2024-10-20
2024-10-20