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人工智能技术的颠覆性引发了两种如何治理人工智能的话语之争。有效利他主义主张以非营利原则来约束技术发展的负外部性；有效加速主义在慈善资本主义的框架内，主张以营利性的商业逻辑来激发技术的活力，最终实现回报社会的目标。新旧精英各执一词，凭借技术实现阶层跨越的新精英与幕后投资方的旧精英在商业战略、观念话语和政治行动上展开斗争。人工智能治理之争既是解决资本主义“双向运动”的方案之争，也是新旧精英争夺政治经济权力之争。新精英以非营利为突破口，在创业阶段将人工智能发展纳入不同于慈善资本主义的价值框架，本质上是想打破旧精英在政治经济结构中的垄断地位。当国家介入人工智能治理，新旧精英的斗争从原来的经济场域、慈善场域进入政治场域，话语之争演变为争夺未来人工智能技术发展议程的利益集团斗争。
Abstract：(1)Rishi Iyengar,“The U.N.Gets the World to Agree on AI Safety”,https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/03/21/un-ai-regulation-vote-resolution-artifical-intelligence-human-rights/.
(2)“Exemption Requirements-501(c)(3) Organizations”,https://www.irs.gov/charities-non-profits/charitable-organizations/exemption-requirements-501c3-organizations.
(3)Jeffrey Dastin and Aditya Soni,“Sam Altman to Return as OpenAI CEO after His Tumultuous Ouster” ,https://www.reuters.com/technology/sam-altman-return-openai-ceo-2023-11-22/.
(4)Matthew Bishop and Michael Green,Philanthrocapitalism,New York:Bloomsbury Press,2008.
(5)Ange Lavoipierre,“The AI Insiders Who Want the Controversial Technology to Be Developed Faster”,https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-02-18/ai-insiders-eacc-movement-speeding-up-tech/103464258.
(6)Hasan Chowdhury,“Get the Lowdown on ‘e/acc’—Silicon Valley's Favorite Obscure Theory about Progress at All Costs,Which Has Been Embraced by Marc Andreessen”,https://www.businessinsider.com/silicon-valley-tech-leaders-accelerationism-eacc-twitter-profiles-2023-7.
(7)émile P.Torres,“‘Effective Accelerationism’ and the Pursuit of Cosmic Utopia”,https://www.truthdig.com/articles/effective-accelerationism-and-the-pursuit-of-cosmic-utopia/.
(8)“What Is Effective Altruism”,https://orgs.law.harvard.edu/effectivealtruism/about-us/about-effective-altruism/.
(9)William MacAskill et al.,Effective Altruism:Philosophical Issues,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2019,pp.10-28.
(10)“What Is Effective Altruism”,https://www.givingwhatwecan.org/what-is-effective-altruism#effective-altruism-as-a-research-field.
(11)Martin Sandbu,“The Moral Metric.Effective Altruism Has Quickly Become a Powerful Force in Business and Philanthropy.But Is There a Fundamental Problem with the Philosophy?”,https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA777764200 &sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=03071766&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7Efbef76d3&aty=open-web-entry.
(12)EA Forum,“Introduction to Effective Altruism”,https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/s/B79ro5zkhndbBKRRX/p/ZhNaizQgYY9d XdQkM#Helping_to_create_the_field_of_AI_alignment_research.
(13)参见[美]赖特·米尔斯《权力精英》北京时代华文书局2019年版第1—12页。
(14)参见[美]理查德·拉克曼《国家与权力》上海人民出版社2013年版。
(15)Dana L.Brown,Antje Vetterlein and Anne Roemer-Mahler,“Theorizing Transnational Corporations as Social Actors:An Analysis of Corporate Motivations”,in Business and Politics,Vol.12,No.1,2010.
(16)Mikko Vesa and Janne Tienari,“Artificial Intelligence and Rationalized Unaccountability:Ideology of the Elites”,in Organization,Vol.29,No.6,2022.
(17)Dieuwertje Luitse and Wiebke Denkena,“The Great Transformer:Examining the Role of Large Language Models in the Political Economy of AI”,in Big Data & Society,Vol.8,No.2,2021.
(18)Claudio Feijóo et al.,“Harnessing Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Increase Wellbeing for All:The Case for a New Technology Diplomacy”,in Telecommunications Policy,Vol.44,No.6,2020.
(19)Paul Scharre et al.,“The Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence:Forecasting,Prevention,and Mitigation”,https://www.cnas.org/publications/commentary/the-malicious-use-of-artificial-intelligence-forecasting-prevention-and-mitigation.
(20)Matt O'Brien,“Be Extremely Afraid:Elon Musk Has a Grim Warning for US Governors”,https://www.smh.com.au/world/be-extremely-afraid-elon-musk-has-a-grim-warning-for-us-governors-20170716-gxc3yy.html.
(21)Cade Metz,“Inside OpenAI,Elon Musk's Wild Plan to Set Artificial Intelligence Free”,https://www.wired.com/2016/04/openai-elon-musk-sam-altman-plan-to-set-artificial-intelligence-free/.
(22)Ben Thompson,“OpenAI's Misalignment and Microsoft's Gain”,https://stratechery.com/2023/openais-misalignment-and-microsofts-gain/.
(23)基于Transformer架构开发的生成式语言模型需要对大规模的数据集进行训练,收集和整理数据的成本不断上升。同时,随着大语言模型的参数级不断上升,人工智能的进步对计算能力提出了更高的要求。大多数计算机没有能力对超大容量的数据进行处理,因此更先进的语言模型不再主要部署在移动设备上,转而部署到云端。且大模型需要用图形处理单元(GPU)甚至专用的人工智能芯片进行训练,还需要大量的随机存取储存器(RAM)以保障顺利运行,而这些软硬件设施的租用和使用都需要大规模的资金支持。参见Dieuwertje Luitse and Wiebke Denkena,“The Great Transformer:Examining the Role of Large Language Models in the Political Economy of AI”,in Big Data & Society,Vol.8,No.2,2021。
(24)Bernd Carsten Stahl and Damian Eke,“The Ethics of ChatGPT - Exploring the Ethical Issues of an Emerging Technology”,in International Journal of Information Management,Vol.74,2024.
(25)Chloe Taylor,“ChatGPT Creator OpenAI Is Reportedly Earning 80 Million a Month—and its Sales Could Be Edging High Enough to Plug its 540 Million Loss from Last Year”,https://fortune.com/2023/08/30/chatgpt-creator-openai-earnings-80-million-a-month-1-billion-annual-revenue-540-million-loss-sam-altman/.
(26)Krystal Hu,“ChatGPT Sets Record for Fastest-growing User base - Analyst Note”,https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-sets-record-fastest-growing-user-base-analyst-note-2023-02-01/.
(27)Molly Schuetz,“OpenAI Seeks 90 Billion Valuation in Possible Share Sale,WSJ Says”,https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-26/openai-seeks-90-billion-valuation-in-possible-share-sale.
(28)Adnan Masood,“Business Value of Generative AI”,https://www.ust.com/en/insights/business-value-of-generative-ai.
(29)Matthias Muhlert,“Towards Actionable Governance on Trustworthy AI”,https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/05/towards-a-strong-trust-based-ai-governance-model/.
(30)Shana Lynch,“AI Index:State of AI in 13 Charts”,https://hai.stanford.edu/news/ai-index-state-ai-13-charts.
(31)Songyee Yoon,“Artificial Generative Intelligence Risks a Return to Cultural Colonialism”,https://venturebeat.com/games/artificial-generative-intelligence-risks-a-return-to-cultural-colonialism/.
(32)Reece Rogers,“What Is OpenAI's ChatGPT Plus?Here's What You Should Know”,https://www.wired.com/story/what-is-chatgpt-plus-gpt4-openai/.
(33)Songyee Yoon,“Artificial Generative Intelligence Risks a Return to Cultural Colonialism”,https://venturebeat.com/games/artificial-generative-intelligence-risks-a-return-to-cultural-colonialism/.
(34)Dina Bass and Bloomberg,“It's Raining Money for ChatGPT Company OpenAI as Microsoft Officially Throws down a 10 Billion Investment”,https://fortune.com/2023/01/23/microsoft-investing-10-billion-open-ai-chatgpt/.
(35)William H.Oakland,“Chapter 9:Theory of Public Goods”,in Handbook of Public Economics,Vol.2,1987,pp.485-535.
(36)联合国对数字公共产品的定义是“遵守隐私及其他适用法律和最佳实践,不会造成损害,同时有助于实现可持续发展目标的开源软件、开放数据、开放人工智能模型、开放标准和开放内容等”,参见United Nations,“Secretary-General's Roadmap for Digital Cooperation”,https://www.un.org/en/content/digital-cooperation-roadmap/。
(37)N.A.Smuha,“From a ‘Race to AI’ to a ‘Race to AI Regulation’:Regulatory Competition for Artificial Intelligence”,in Law,Innovation and Technology,Vol.13,No.1,2021.
(38)Claudio Feijóo et al.,“Harnessing Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Increase Wellbeing for All:The Case for a New Technology Diplomacy”,in Telecommunications Policy,Vol.44,No.6,2020.
(39)Hayden Field,“AI Lobbying Spikes 185% as Calls for Regulation Surge”,https://www.cnbc.com/2024/02/02/ai-lobbying-spikes-nearly-200percent-as-calls-for-regulation-surge.html.
(40)Will Henshall,“There's an AI Lobbying Frenzy in Washington.Big Tech Is Dominating”,https://time.com/6972134/ai-lobbying-tech-policy-surge/.
(41)Tim Bradshaw and Ian Johnston,“Elon Musk and Other Tech Experts Call for ‘Pause’ on Advanced AI Systems”,https://www.ft.com/content/3f584019-7c51-4c9c-b18f-0e0ac0821bf7.
(42)George Hammond,“Elon Musk Predicts AI Will Overtake Human Intelligence Next Year”,https://www.ft.com/content/027b133f-f7e3-459d-95bf-8afd815ae23d.
(43)Brendan Bordelon,“In DC,A New Wave of AI Lobbyists Gains the Upper Hand”,https://www.politico.com/news/2024/05/12/ai-lobbyists-gain-upper-hand-washington-00157437.
(44)Harshawn Ratanpal,“Federal Lobbying on Artificial Intelligence Grows as Legislative Efforts Stall”,https://www.rawstory.com/ai-government-regulation-lobbying/.
(45)Justin Wise,“OpenAI Hires Akin Gump to Lobby in DC on ‘Hard’ Regulation Task”,https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/openai-hires-akin-gump-to-lobby-in-dc-on-hard-regulation-task.
(46)United State Senate,“A Roadmap for Artificial Intelligence Policy in the U.S.Senate”,https://www.schumer.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/LD%20One_Pager_Roadmap_DRAFT_Clean_MK_YD_lD.pdf.
(47)Eric Lipton,“New Spin on a Revolving Door:Pentagon Officials Turned Venture Capitalists”,https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/30/us/politics/pentagon-venture-capitalists.html.
(48)“Patrick J.McGovern Foundation Awards 66.4 Million to Advance AI and Data Solutions that Center People and Purpose”,https://finance.yahoo.com/news/patrick-j-mcgovern-foundation-awards-161000307.html.
(49)参见[英]卡尔·波兰尼《巨变:当代政治与经济的起源》社会科学文献出版社2017年版。
(1)参见[英]卡尔·波兰尼《巨变：当代政治与经济的起源》社会科学文献出版社2017年版。
(2)参见[美]丹·席勒《数字资本主义》江西人民出版社2001年版第61页；吴静《数字资本主义解构：幽灵劳动、叙事困境与系统不稳定性》，载于《求索》2023年第2期。
(3)KaustuvBasu，“AI-Related RegulationsRisein US and Globally:StanfordReport”,https：//news.bloomberglaw.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-related-regulations-rise-in-usand-globally-report-says.
基本信息:
DOI：10.16502/j.cnki.11-3404/d.2024.06.005
中图分类号:F49;TP18
引用信息:
[1]银培萩,杨绣祯.人工智能的营利与非营利之争——OpenAI案例的过程追踪[J].当代世界与社会主义,2024,No.172(06):113-121.DOI:10.16502/j.cnki.11-3404/d.2024.06.005.
基金信息:
2024年度国家社会科学基金重大项目“宗教对当代国际关系和全球政治的影响”（项目编号：24&ZD202）; 2021年度国家社会科学基金青年项目“当代美国宗教类基金智库复合体的政治影响机制研究”（项目编号：21CZJ003）的资助
2024-12-20
2024-12-20