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人口结构的变化会引起人们政治观念和行为的相应变化,并作用于政治系统。德、法、意、希四国的代议制民主政体以定期选举、政党政治和代议制度为核心内容,较高的老龄化水平重塑投票格局、弱化民主基础、助力民粹主义,对四国产生了相似的影响。同时,由于各国经济发展程度、政治制度和社会发展水平存在差异,老龄化对四国民主政治的影响也存在差异性。德国为解决劳动力问题主动接收难民,但难民危机打破了政治格局的稳定;法国政府的改革决心和民众反对之间的张力过大,养老制度改革加剧了社会动乱;意大利面向养老制度改革的政策供给能力偏弱,非常规机制增加了不确定性;希腊老龄化初显,但债务公投加速了其政治幻灭。
Abstract:① Eurostat,“Asylum and First Time Asylum Applicants by Citizenship,Age and Sex Annual Aggregated Data”,https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/tps00191.
② “Migration to Europe Explained in Seven Charts”,https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911.
(1)“成熟民主国家”的说法来源于《经济学人》的“民主指数”评估报告。在历年评估中,德、法、意、希四国或属于“完全民主”,或在“有瑕疵的民主”中居于高位,整体上可以被视做“典范”。不过,“民主指数”以西方标准尤其是把自由竞争选举作为重要指标,存在瑕疵和偏颇,参见经济学人网站http://www. eiu. com/topic/democracy-index/。
(1)“What's Gone Wrong with Democracy”,https://www.economist.com/essay/2014/02/27/whats-gone-wrong-with-democracy.
(2)李建新《人口变迁、人口替代与大国实力兴衰》,载于《探索与争鸣》2013年第5期。
(3)包刚升《西方政治的新现实——族群宗教多元主义与西方自由民主政体的挑战》,载于《政治学研究》2018年第3期。
(4)“2017 Bundestag Election:More Vote Splitting Than Ever:Results of Repersentative Electoral Statistics Released”,https://www.destatis.de/EN/Home/node.html.
(5)Jean-Yves Dormagen and Laura Michel,“Aging of Registered Voters and Voter Turnout in France:A Study of 17 Voting Rounds between 2002 and 2012”,https://ssrn.com/abstract=2440506.
(6)“Parliamentary Election 2018 in Italy”,https://www.statista.com/topics/4618/parliamentary-election-2018-in-italy/.
(7)Democratic Audit,UK,“A Vicious Cycle of Apathy and Neglect:Young Citizens and the Power Gap”,https://www.democraticaudit.com/2014/02/12/a-vicious-cycle-of-apathy-and-neglect-young-citizens-and-the-power-gap-2/.
(8)Daniela F.Melo and Daniel Stockemer,“Age and Political Participation in Germany,France and the UK:A Comparative Analysis”,in Comparative European Politics,Vol.12,No.1,2014,pp.33-53.
(9)[美]罗伯特·达尔《论民主》中国人民大学出版社2011年版第120页。
(10)Paige Muggeridge,The Implications of Population Aging for Economic Growth:A Regional Comparative Study,Durham:Duke University,2015,pp.9-10.
(11)宋全成《穆斯林移民在欧洲:身份认同及其冲突》,载于《西亚北非》2016年第1期。
(12)Pew Research Center,“Muslims in Europe:Economic Worries Top Concerns about Religious and Cultural Identity,13-Nation Pew Global Attitudes Survey”,https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2006/07/06/muslims-in-europe-economic-worries-top-concerns-about-religious-and-cultural-identity/.
(13)Pew Research Center,“Ethnocentric Attitudes Are on the Rise in Europe,Unfavorable Views of Jews and Muslims on the Increase in Europe”,https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2008/09/17/unfavorable-views-of-jews-and-muslims-on-the-increase-in-europe/.
(14)J.Michael Dostal,“The German Federal Election of 2017:How the Wedge Issue of Refugees and Migration Took the Shine off Chancellor Merkel and Transformed the Party System”,in The Political Quarterly,Vol.88,No.4,2017,pp.589-602.
(15)伍慧萍《德国难民和移民政策的调整趋势与影响》,载于《当代世界》2018年第9期。
(16)彭姝祎《法国养老金改革:走向三支柱?》,载于《社会保障评论》2017年第3期。
(17)OECD,“Pensions at a Glance 2013:OECD and G20 Indicators”,http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/pension_glance-2013-en.
(18)The Economist,“Greek Pensions:Why They Are a Flash Point”,https://www.economist.com/free-exchange/2015/06/18/why-they-are-a-flashpoint.
(19)程同顺《欧盟向心力缘何减弱?》,载于《人民论坛》2016年第20期。
(20)Loannis Kampourakis,“Political Disillusionment in Greece:Toward a Post-political State?”,https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/political-disillusionment-in-greece-toward-post-political-state/.
(21)彭姝祎《法国养老金改革:走向三支柱?》,载于《社会保障评论》2017年第3期。
基本信息:
DOI:10.16502/j.cnki.11-3404/d.2021.05.014
中图分类号:C913.6;D509
引用信息:
[1]史猛,程同顺.老龄化如何影响西方民主政治——基于德国、法国、意大利、希腊的比较分析[J].当代世界与社会主义,2021,No.153(05):115-122.DOI:10.16502/j.cnki.11-3404/d.2021.05.014.
基金信息:
2021年度中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目“‘人口结构政治学’学科范式的构建”(项目编号:63212091)的阶段性成果
2021-10-20
2021-10-20