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作为一种介于正式联盟关系和一般伙伴关系之间的特殊形态，“准联盟伙伴关系”正在成为国际政治研究中的一项重要议题，相关问题的探讨有助于跳出传统的盟与非盟二元对立思维，为分析日趋复杂的国家间关系状态和互动模式提供解释框架。冷战结束以来，印度和美国逐步实现了彼此身份定位、安全合作乃至关键协议的升级，双方关系超越一般的伙伴关系，成为“准联盟伙伴关系”的典型代表。两国之所以构建这种特殊关系，既出于增加竞争优势的制衡需求，又出于拓展合作领域的交流需求，还出于保持政策灵活性的策略需求。不过，在战略目标不一致、战略文化不和谐和战略互信不充足等因素的制约下，印美之间不太可能走向正式的联盟，而是更可能继续保持现有的状态，这意味着双方似盟非盟的复杂竞合关系将会在很长时期持续下去。对中国来说，需要更为理性地看待印美“准联盟伙伴关系”的发展现状、影响因素和未来前景，为更加有效地管控中美关系和中印关系作出更有针对性的政策选择。
Abstract：① Sameer Lalwani and Heather Byrne,“Great Expectations:Asking Too Much of the US-India Strategic Partnership”,in The Washington Quarterly,Vol.42,No.3,2019,p.54.
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(2)参见王竞超《“准同盟”视角下日本面向东南亚国家安保政策的塑造》,载于《太平洋学报》2024年第12期。
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(17)参见周琪《美国与印度接近的过程及动机》,载于《当代世界》2024年第2期。
(18)Danish Manzoor Bhat,“Exclusive Interview:Narendra Modi and the Unstoppable Rise of India”,https://www.newsweek.com/2024/05/03/exclusive-interview-narendra-modi-unstopp able-rise-india-1888678.html.
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(20)《39.9亿美元!美国务院批准向印度出售31架MQ-9B“天空卫士”无人机》,参见环球网https://world.huanqiu.com/article/4GQ6XOREp7Y。
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(22)Ministry of Defence,Government of India,“Indian Army Contingent Departs for India-US Joint Special Forces Exercise ‘Vajra Prahar’”,https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2070099.
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(24)“New Framework for the U.S-India Defence Relationship”,https://library.rumsfeld.com/doclib/sp/3211/2005-06-28%20New%20Framework%20for%20the%20US-India%20Defen se%20Relationship.pdf.
(25)Ministry of External Affairs,Government of India,“India-US Joint Press Release on Visit of US Secretary of Defence Dr.Ashton Carter to India”,https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/25326/IndiaUS_Joint_Press_Release_on_visit_of_US_Secretary_of_Defence_Dr_Ashton_Carter_to_India.
(26)Vivek Raghuvanshi,“India,US Sign Intel-sharing Agreement amid Tension with Neighboring China”,https://www.defense news.com/space/2020/10/28/india-us-sign-intel-sharing-agreement-amid-tension-with-neighboring-china/.
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(28)U.S.Department of State,“U.S.Security Cooperation with India”,https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-india.
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(30)Ministry of Defence of India,“Raksha Mantri & US Secretary of War Meet on the Margins of 12th ADMM-Plus in Kuala Lumpur”,https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2184622.
(31)[美]斯蒂芬·M.沃尔特《驯服美国权力:对美国首要地位的全球回应》上海人民出版社2008年版第183页。
(32)Chietigj Bajpaee,“China-India:Regional Dimensions of the Bilateral Relationship”,in Strategic Studies Quarterly,Vol.9,No.4,2015,p.130.
(33)参见贺凯《美国印太战略实质与中国的制度制衡——一种基于国际关系理论的政策分析》,载于《现代国际关系》2019年第1期。
(34)参见王传剑、王颖颖《莫迪政府上台以来印度的南海政策解析——以中印之间的海陆复合竞争为视角》,载于《印度洋经济体研究》2025年第2期。
(35)“Let's Make the 21st Century the ‘Century of India’:PM Modi”,https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/lets-make-21st-century-the-century-of-india-pm-modi/articleshow/96945054.cms.
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(40)“Fact Sheet:United States and India Elevate Strategic Partnership with the Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET)”,https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/fact-sheet-united-states-and-india-elevate-strategic-partnership-with-the-initiative.
(41)Ministry of Defence of India,“India-United States Defence Acceleration Ecosystem (INDUS X) Launched in Washington DC,U.S.”,https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1934311.
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(47)参见李莉《从不结盟到“多向结盟”——印度对外战略的对冲性研究》,载于《世界经济与政治》2020年第12期。
(48)Glenn H.Snyder,“Alliance Theory:A Neorealist First Cut”,in Journal of International Affairs,Vol.44,No.1,1990,p.110.
(49)参见岳圣淞《“轴辐体系”与“涟漪式关系”:中美在亚太区域网络化进程中的博弈》,载于《世界经济与政治论坛》2020年第4期。
(50)参见[美]格雷厄姆·艾利森《注定一战:中美能避免修昔底德陷阱吗?》上海人民出版社2019年版第47页。
(51)宋德星、时殷弘《世界政治中印度和平崛起的现实与前景》,载于《南亚研究》2010年第1期。
(52)参见[美]约翰·米尔斯海默《大国政治的悲剧》上海人民出版社2014年版第157页。
(53)参见贺凯《美国印太战略实质与中国的制度制衡——一种基于国际关系理论的政策分析》,载于《现代国际关系》2019年第1期。
(54)参见楼春豪《印度莫迪政府对外战略布局及其前景》,载于《当代世界》2025年第8期。
(55)Muhammad Abbas Hassan,“Growing China-India Competition in the Indian Ocean:Implications for Pakistan”,in Strategic Studies,Vol.39,No.1,2019,p.78.
(56)此处意在说明印美两国关系正如心理学领域中的“假性亲密关系”,表面互动看似亲密,实则缺乏深层交流和情感连接,呈现出一种表面性和非真实性质。
(57)Sameer Lalwani and Heather Byrne,“Great Expectations:Asking Too Much of the US-India Strategic Partnership”,in The Washington Quarterly,Vol.42,No.3,2019,p.54.
(58)Glenn H.Snyder,“Alliance Theory:A Neorealist First Cut”,in Journal of International Affairs,Vol.44,No.1,1990,p.116;Sameer Lalwani and Heather Byrne,“Great Expectations:Asking Too Much of the US-India Strategic Partnership”,in The Washington Quarterly,Vol.42,No.3,2019,p.55.
(59)参见王传剑、王颖颖《美日韩三边安全合作:态势、动因及前景》,载于《东疆学刊》2025年第4期。
(60)参见曹德军《国际政治的信号理论分析》中国社会科学出版社2022年版第204页。
基本信息:
DOI：10.16502/j.cnki.11-3404/d.2026.02.017
中图分类号:D835.1;D871.2
引用信息:
[1]王传剑,王颖颖.似盟非盟：印美“准联盟伙伴关系”解析与评估[J].当代世界与社会主义,2026,No.180(02):159-168.DOI:10.16502/j.cnki.11-3404/d.2026.02.017.
基金信息:
2023年度国家社会科学基金重点项目“域外大国介入南海问题的态势、影响和对策研究”（项目编号：23AGJ004）的阶段性成果
2026-04-20
2026-04-20